Honours Bachelor of Commerce – Business Technology Management (BTM)

Semester 1

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BAB100	Introduction to Canadian Business	Flexible	Not offered	Flexible
	Introduction to Canadian Business introduces learners to the Canadian business environment, business issues, and functions and forces at work in the global economy. Learners will gain an understanding of Canadian business firms as integrated organizations composed of a number of specialized functions.
BAB210	Business Statistics	Flexible	Not offered	Flexible
	This subject introduces the learner to statistical methods of collection, analysis, and presentation of quantitative data. Through the process of applying statistical methods, the ability to interpret quantitative data used for making generalizations, projections and decisions under uncertain conditions is developed. Emphasis will be on the use of both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques within the workplace. Learners will utilize spreadsheet software to present and analyze data.
BTM100	Introduction to Information Systems and Society	In-person	Not offered	In-person
	This course introduces students to the basic information systems and their role within society. Key components of information systems such as, people, software and hardware, networks, and data will be covered. This will be expanded into discussions on data, information, and knowledge. Students learn how information systems are leveraged in organizations to improve business processes and gain competitive advantage. Key types of business information systems are introduced and the way these systems are developed and introduced into an organization to meet an organizations needs.
BTM110	Introduction to IT Infrastructure	In-person	Not offered	In-person
	This course provides an introduction to the computer hardware and software, and the networks that form an IT infrastructure. Students learn about individual components and their relationship. The course will give an in-depth understanding of IT infrastructure, assessment of capabilities and limitations, the impact to hardware, software, network, and organizational systems, and determine the impact the of change. This provides students with the skills to engage with front line technical staff and managers.
ENG106	Writing Strategies	Flexible	Not offered	Flexible
	This course focuses on critical thinking and the rhetorical elements of both persuasive and evaluative forms of writing. Students will learn to differentiate between shades of fact and opinion, objectivity and bias, and apply the techniques of sound argument for a variety of purposes. The main elements of effective communication and research techniques are also examined. Techniques explored and skills developed in this course are applied throughout the four years of the program.

Semester 2

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BAB140	Introduction to Financial Accounting	Hybrid	Hybrid	Not offered
	This course prepares the learner to apply basic accounting principles in the preparation of financial statements for external reporting. Students will become skilled in the bookkeeping process which leads to the preparation of the financial statements. Through the use of case studies, group discussions and seminars, learners increase their ability to analyze, interpret, and communicate financial information. Emphasis will be placed on ethical issues related to the accounting process. Topics include the accounting model, transaction analysis and accounting information processing as well as liquid assets, inventories, capital assets, liabilities and shareholders equity.
BAB235	Introduction to Marketing	Flexible	Flexible	Not offered
	This introduction to Marketing course emphasizes that marketing is an approach in business that stresses putting the customer at the center of its activities and focuses on satisfying customer needs and wants. Learners will locate and analyze markets, match products and examine the controllable elements of the marketing mix. Practical decisions that a manager utilizes in daily work interactions are a major focus of this course.
BDP100	Introduction to Programming	In-person	In-person	Not offered
	This course addresses the fundamental principles of computer programming and emphasizes problem solving strategies using structured programming techniques. Students are introduced to problem analysis, algorithm design, and program implementation to support advanced programming paradigms.
BTM210	Structured and Unstructured Data Management	In-person	In-person	Not offered
	This course introduces students to both structured and unstructured data management. Students will be introduced to the principles of relational database design and use to support a variety of business scenarios that require structured data. For unstructured data management, students will be introduced to the management and access of various data types used in non-standard ways. Concepts will include queries, database security, administration and distributed databases.
ENG205	Applied Communication for Business and Industry	Online	Online	Not offered
	This course focuses on the knowledge and skills required for writing pertinent business correspondence and business or technical proposals and reports, as appropriate to the program of study. Examples from the specific field of study will be evaluated for their effectiveness, and students will learn to write abstracts and executive summaries. Common software packages (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) are utilized to communicate material in a variety of print formats. Effective use of e-mail within an e-learning system is examined and incorporated throughout the course. Students will participate in individual and group presentations for a variety of purposes and audiences.

Semester 3

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BAB231	Introduction to Business Law	Not offered	Not offered	Flexible
	This course is an introductory survey of the legal issues that frequently arise in a business setting with emphasis on the financial services industry, human resources, and accounting and other professional services. Topics covered may include: the structure and process of Canadian legal and court systems, contracts,the law of torts (particularly negligence and professional responsibility), forms of business organization, agency, professional services, property law (personal, real, and intellectual), banking, the legal aspects of credit, and employment law. The purpose of the course is to enhance the students decision-making ability with respect to various business transactions, to aid in the legal planning related to business and to help identify, manage and control legal issues that arrise in a business setting having regard to ethical considerations.
BAB310	Quantitative Decision Making	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	This course builds on Business Statistics. BAB210. Students will complete hypothesis tests for two populations, apply the multiple regression model, compute posterior probabilities, and use other advanced statistical techniques to make management decisions. Learners will utilize software to present and analyze data.
BTM300	Business Systems Analysis and Design	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	This course focuses on the techniques and tools involved in gathering and analyzing requirements for business system requirements and, where required, the design of new business processes to ensure organizational efficiency. An introduction will be given to build versus buy evaluation, including implementation on business process focused software systems.
LSP240	Micro Economics - Theory and Practice	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	This subject explains how prices are determined and resources allocated under different market forms, and diverse economic environments. It focuses on actual economic problems, and develops the theoretical structure to analyze these problems. Careful consideration is given to "soft" factors such as culture, economical legislation and trade regulation, which influence decision-making.
LSP350	Ethics and Technology	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	Technological advances continually create new ethical challenges. Current as well as emerging technologies like Generative AI, the Internet of Things, information technology, and autonomous technology have an increasingly transformative impact on people and society. In this course, you will be introduced to the different ways to theorise technology, reflect on its ethical impacts, and use practical tools to integrate ethical reflection in day-to-day projects. This course will introduce you to traditional Western concepts of ethics and to the application of those concepts to technological developments. This course examines some of the most important contemporary issues in the field of ethics of technologies to help you to develop a familiarity with the debates and your ability to discuss, reflect on, and defend your own views. You will also be able to explore the ethical challenges, the ethical considerations of using technology, and cohesively articulate a critical analysis of novel ethical issues related to contemporary and emerging technologies.

Semester 4

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BAB240	Management Accounting	Hybrid	Not offered	Not offered
	In this course, students examine the fundamental concepts of management accounting including cost control, planning, decision making and performance evaluation utilized by users internal to the corporate organization. Specific items include standard costing, variance analysis, cost behaviours, budgeting, and break even analysis, make or buy decisions, return on investment and discounted cash flow for capital budgeting. The introduction of management accounting is applied to the analysis, interpretation and application to business including human resource decision making.
BTM400	Data Analytics	In-person	Not offered	Not offered
	This course will first introduce students to topics such as data sources, data quality, data definition, data loading, data integration and data analysis. They will then explore the various techniques and tools, such as search engines, tagging, data mining, and text analytics, that support searching for and interpreting the information and storage approaches, such as content and document management systems, to help manage such information. The remainder of the course will focus on several specific areas of analytics such as text analysis and web analytics.
BTM410	Cloud Technologies	In-person	Not offered	Not offered
	Cloud technologies are essential elements of contemporary business infrastructure. Building on concepts and skills introduced in earlier subjects, this course provides the in-depth preparation needed to effectively manage and leverage cloud technologies. Students will develop an in-depth view of the management of cloud-based solutions, from the operational to the strategic. Essential issues covered include system architectures, choosing appropriate balances between on-premises and cloud infrastructure, selecting cloud services and vendors, projecting and managing costs, security and privacy, and governance and compliance. Students will also gain fundamental practical skills using an industry-leading cloud platform, including setting up, deploying, and managing cloud infrastructure and services.
HST430	Organizational Behaviour	Online	Not offered	Not offered
	This course is an examination of the contemporary Canadian business environment, organization, motivation and leadership processes that influence the behaviour of individuals and groups. Increased global competition, technological change and rising expectations of both employees and employers have underlined the need for a comprehensive analysis of organizational behaviour.
LSP400	Presentation Skills	Online  In-person	Not offered	Not offered
	This subject prepares students to make professional oral presentations to diverse audiences in a variety of settings. The fundamentals of public speaking and speech writing are covered, as well as the production and use of presentational aids. Students will be in introduced to Microsoft PowerPoint and Adobe Photoshop. They will familiarize themselves with presentation techniques using both PowerPoint and Photoshops raster based imaging manipulation and other Presentation aids. Pre-requisite: ENG205 or its equivalent
plus: Liberal Studies Course (1)

Semester 5

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BTM500	Privacy Issues in Information Systems	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	This course provides students with the foundation required to understand the security concerns faced by institutions, end-users, network administrators, and technical support staff in todays globally connected environments. Students are introduced to legislation, security policies, security attacks, techniques for detecting and preventing such attacks, data privacy, national and international laws, and security management from an organizational perspective.
HST330	Business Finance	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	The purpose of this course is to provide students with an understanding of the principles governing the functioning of capital markets and the theories, concepts and principles used by companies to engage in financial analysis and decision making. Students analyze how organizations allocate scarce resources to projects, how assets are valued, the factors of risk management and capital budgeting. Emphasis is placed on the term structure of interest rates, the time value of money and discounted cash flow valuation which are applied in assessing a firms capital structure, capital expenditures and working capital management. Ethical considerations and fiduciary responsibility as they relate to financial management are also examined.
HST400	Operations Management	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	This course provides a foundation in operations management with an emphasis on the organizational and management principles that impact on the flow of product through a corporation. Students will gain an understanding of strategies, plant organization and location, capacity (people and equipment) planning, forecasting, purchasing, production planning and quality management as they are integrated into corporate operations to achieve mission statement success. The business skills acquired by students will enable them to understand the role of Human Resources in an operations management context, as well as the role of manufacturing and supply chain management technology to conduct business functions thereby enabling graduates to undertake the complex and global requirements of Human Resources as a strategic partner.
LSP340	Macroeconomics - Theory and Practice	Not offered	Not offered	Online
	This subject concentrates initially on the definition and measurement of the principal aggregate economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product, unemployment and inflation. It then explains how the level of economic activity, prices, interest rates and the value of the Canadian dollar are determined, under different internal and external environments, and alternative government policies. A basic open-economy model is constructed, and the impact of alternative fiscal, monetary and trade policies on macro economic variables are analyzed and appraised.
WTP200	Work Term Preparation	Not offered	Not offered	Online
	This Work Term Preparation course is designed to empower students with the tools, skills, and strategies needed to navigate the modern job market and achieve long-term career success. Through self-assessment, career exploration, helping students to identify and leverage skills from their existing experiences, students will develop a deep understanding of their personal strengths, values, personality, interests and goals. The course covers essential topics such as crafting professional résumés and cover letters, mastering interview techniques, and building a strong personal brand, including an online presence. Students will learn how to research career pathways, evaluate job market trends, and create actionable career plans tailored to their aspirations. Emphasis is placed on professional communication, networking, workplace readiness, and adapting to diverse organizational cultures. Additionally, the course provides insights into negotiating job offers, managing career transitions, and professional growth. With a focus on lifelong learning and continuous improvement, this course equips students with the confidence and resources to pursue fulfilling careers while remaining adaptable in a dynamic and competitive workforce. Ideal for students preparing to enter the job market or those seeking to refine their career trajectory, this course fosters self-awareness, professional readiness, and strategic career planning.
plus: Professional Options (1)

Semester 6

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BAB905	Project Management	Flexible	Not offered	Not offered
	Project management is an essential discipline used across all functions of the financial service environment and ensures the success of key deliverables such as new financial products and services and marketing initiatives along with accompanying technical infrastructure. This subject will cover topics including integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communication, risk and procurement management.
BMT545	Effective Selling	Flexible	Not offered	Not offered
	This course provides the background, concepts and skills of the professional salesperson in age of information and communications technology, trust and relationships.  It focuses on current sales, commerce, and sales promotion, business issues and topics and on the relationship of sales to marketing, relationship marketing, the sales cycle, sales promotions and the impact of technology enables sales practices (e.g., e-commerce) and value proposition.  The course takes a theoretical, industry and applied approach to the class.
BTM600	Digital Entrepreneurship	In-person	Not offered	Not offered
	In this course students learn to recognize opportunities, generate ideas and organize resources to execute successful digital business ventures. An understanding of the principles of consumer behaviour, product development, funding models, environmental scanning, and go-to-market strategies through maximizing the innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem in Canada. Students will develop a comprehensive business plan and report on the steps and materials necessary to lead up to the starting of a digital initiative.
BTM610	Risk Management	In-person	Not offered	Not offered
	In this course, students are introduced to the principles, structures, processes of risk management, and risk management theory specific to information technology. The course emphasizes the application of risk management strategies specific to IT and the broader context of business continuity planning (BCP).
plus: Liberal Studies Course (1)

Work-Integrated Learning Term

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BTM771	Business Technology Management, Co-op	Not offered	Hybrid  Online  In-person	Not offered

Semester 7

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BMT855	Leadership for Managers	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	In this course, three themes of leadership will be explored: the personal side of leadership, the evolution of leadership theory, and the social side of leadership. For each, a variety of experiential learning techniques including personal reflection, simulations, and problem-solving will engage the students as theory is introduced. Students will develop personal effectiveness skills that will assist them in their group and leadership roles.
BTM700	Emergent Technologies	Not offered	Not offered	Flexible
	This course explores topics in business technology management that reflect the most recent changes and emergent trends in the development and prioritizing of technology in the market place. Students examine the provisioning, deploying, and utilization of emergent technologies and the effect on current business practices.
BTM710	Research Methods	Not offered	Not offered	Flexible
	This research methods course will examine the various components of the research process including the formulation of research questions or a research hypothesis; the review of the literature; qualitative, quantitative and mixed method research designs; research ethics; data collection; analysis of data; and ethical protocol. Students will develop the elements of a research proposal based on a problem relevant to the students? professional practice.
BTM720	IT Audit and Control	Not offered	Not offered	In-person
	This course focuses on the need to protect IT assets and how to put in place controls, such as policies, to protect IT assets. Students discuss how to apply continual IT auditing to assess the effectiveness of these controls within the context of the organizations structure, objectives, and activities. In the course, students learn to use tools as part of the audit process and how to develop organized, consistent, and accurate data collection.
plus: Liberal Studies Course (1)

Semester 8

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BMT850	Strategic Management	Flexible	Not offered	Not offered
	Students will have an opportunity to develop the conceptual and analytical skills necessary to assess and develop business strategies. Such strategies contribute toward competitive advantage and ongoing business viability and strength. Through the analysis of business cases, students will study the formulation of effective strategies and their implementation. They will learn how to evaluate the success of strategic decision making and how to revise strategies in light of changing business conditions.
BTM800	Technology Planning and Acquisition	Flexible	Not offered	Not offered
	Students learn how to identify the technology requirements for a business and then plan the steps necessary to select and acquire specific technology. The impact of technology trends on an organization, the purchasing process, including the Request for Proposal (RFP), contracting types, and how to manage contracts once in place will be discussed.
BTM810	Integration Project	In-person	Not offered	Not offered
	In this capstone course, students apply the business knowledge and skills developed throughout the entire degree program to develop a comprehensive and detailed proposal.  The focus is on the analysis of the requirements of an organization and its operations, analysis of the relevant and current theory and research, presentation of solutions, and argument in favour of the recommended option.
plus: Liberal Studies Course (1)
plus: Professional Options (1)

Professional Options

Semester 5

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BHM181	Health Informatics: Information Technology	TBD	TBD	TBD
	In this course, students explore health informatics as the study of the nature, design and application of IT-based innovations in the delivery, management, and planning of healthcare services. Students learn about the fundamental building blocks of health information systems, information and communication systems in healthcare, and the impact of information technology on healthcare and society will be explored.
BMT646	Customer Service	Flexible	Not offered	Not offered
	This course introduces the concept of customer service. Students will develop the strategic, communication and interpersonal skills required to effectively build, manage and maintain strong customer relationships in business. The main focus of this course is to assist learners in developing strategies for successfully forming sales and service relationships that fulfil the expectations of both the business and the client. Strategy development includes linking to corporate strategy, organizational structure, information networks, supply chain and customer front-end. It also entails developing excellent communication, conflict resolution and problem-solving skills.
BTH745	Human-Computer Interaction	TBD	TBD	TBD
	Building on principles learned in BTH545 (Principles of GUI Design and Programming) and BTH645 (Multimedia Elements for User Interfaces), BTH745 focuses on the interaction between humans and computer-mediated technologies as well as the psychological and physiological factors related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Throughout the course, students will work on a major HCI project to gain a deeper understanding of all phases of the User-Centred Design (UCD) process in software development. The course will also examine broad issues related to human factors, traditional and new user interfaces, interaction paradigms, ergonomics, accessibility, social and emotional interactions, agile UX, and the importance of HCI in software development.
DPS950	Introduction to Microsoft Cloud Technologies	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course introduces cloud computing using Azure services, core solutions and management tools, security features, identity and privacy, governance and compliance, as well as cost management and service level agreements through lecture and hands-on exercises.
DPS960	Advanced Data Analytics Tools	TBD	TBD	TBD
	The course introduces students to SAS programming language and Tableau for data analysis and visualization. Students will learn the syntax for both programming language, interpret and visualize.
MRT287	Marketing Research I	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course introduces students to the methods used by marketing research to support responsible marketing-related business decisions. Students gain an understanding of the required steps in designing a market research study to yield relevant, timely, applicable and accurate information in a way that is ethical, professional and builds shareholder value for the enterprise. Students learn the advantages, disadvantages and best-fit situations for research methodologies, including practices used in secondary research, to capture appropriate stakeholder data to guide enterprise decision making.
MRT295	Marketing Planning and Strategy	TBD	TBD	TBD
	In this course, students focus on the importance of every organization having a strategy that will allow it to be proactive rather than reactive in shaping its corporate future. This course provides students with the necessary skills to develop marketing plans and customer-based business strategies. Students analyze strategic market planning, the implementation of market-based business strategy and the evaluation of performance in the economy. The focus of this course is on the analysis of the environmental variables affecting a company, its industry and the incumbents’ choices of competitive strategies. It explores how companies strategically plan, create, deliver, maintain and sustain competitive advantage.
MRT297	Predictive Analytics for Marketing	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course provides a comprehensive review of common predictive analytic techniques as they relate to marketing. Students explore techniques presented under three main categories of predictive analytics: time series, regression and machine learning. The examination of these techniques will support making marketing forecasts, performing diagnostics, building predictive models, and using machine-learning techniques to profitably impact the customer journey. The emphasis of this course is on application rather than theoretical foundations of the techniques.
MRT493	Social Media Intelligence and Web Analytics	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course examines social media analytics as the derivation of consumer insights from social commentary. Students apply a variety of techniques and strategies for monitoring user behaviour on social media applications, with an emphasis on applying the analytical concepts and tools of marketing to decisions about segmentation and targeting, branding, pricing, distribution, and promotion. Students experience hands-on application of how to manage multi-ad online campaigns for pay-per-click programs to support social media campaigns.
SEA100	Exploration of Artificial Intelligence	TBD	TBD	TBD
	Students develop the skills to differentiate between artificial intelligence (AI) and non- AI implementations, and to decide whether an AI-based approach is feasible, or beneficial. Students learn to identify the focus of the various branches of AI such as robotics, natural language processing, computer vision, expert systems, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning. The advantages and disadvantages of AI-based approaches are discussed from the perspective of the developer, the consumer, society and the environment, resulting in an understanding of the emerging ethical issues.

Semester 8

Course Code	Course Name	Winter	Summer	Fall
BHM181	Health Informatics: Information Technology	TBD	TBD	TBD
	In this course, students explore health informatics as the study of the nature, design and application of IT-based innovations in the delivery, management, and planning of healthcare services. Students learn about the fundamental building blocks of health information systems, information and communication systems in healthcare, and the impact of information technology on healthcare and society will be explored.
BMT646	Customer Service	Flexible	Not offered	Not offered
	This course introduces the concept of customer service. Students will develop the strategic, communication and interpersonal skills required to effectively build, manage and maintain strong customer relationships in business. The main focus of this course is to assist learners in developing strategies for successfully forming sales and service relationships that fulfil the expectations of both the business and the client. Strategy development includes linking to corporate strategy, organizational structure, information networks, supply chain and customer front-end. It also entails developing excellent communication, conflict resolution and problem-solving skills.
BTH745	Human-Computer Interaction	TBD	TBD	TBD
	Building on principles learned in BTH545 (Principles of GUI Design and Programming) and BTH645 (Multimedia Elements for User Interfaces), BTH745 focuses on the interaction between humans and computer-mediated technologies as well as the psychological and physiological factors related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Throughout the course, students will work on a major HCI project to gain a deeper understanding of all phases of the User-Centred Design (UCD) process in software development. The course will also examine broad issues related to human factors, traditional and new user interfaces, interaction paradigms, ergonomics, accessibility, social and emotional interactions, agile UX, and the importance of HCI in software development.
DPS950	Introduction to Microsoft Cloud Technologies	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course introduces cloud computing using Azure services, core solutions and management tools, security features, identity and privacy, governance and compliance, as well as cost management and service level agreements through lecture and hands-on exercises.
DPS960	Advanced Data Analytics Tools	TBD	TBD	TBD
	The course introduces students to SAS programming language and Tableau for data analysis and visualization. Students will learn the syntax for both programming language, interpret and visualize.
MRT287	Marketing Research I	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course introduces students to the methods used by marketing research to support responsible marketing-related business decisions. Students gain an understanding of the required steps in designing a market research study to yield relevant, timely, applicable and accurate information in a way that is ethical, professional and builds shareholder value for the enterprise. Students learn the advantages, disadvantages and best-fit situations for research methodologies, including practices used in secondary research, to capture appropriate stakeholder data to guide enterprise decision making.
MRT295	Marketing Planning and Strategy	TBD	TBD	TBD
	In this course, students focus on the importance of every organization having a strategy that will allow it to be proactive rather than reactive in shaping its corporate future. This course provides students with the necessary skills to develop marketing plans and customer-based business strategies. Students analyze strategic market planning, the implementation of market-based business strategy and the evaluation of performance in the economy. The focus of this course is on the analysis of the environmental variables affecting a company, its industry and the incumbents’ choices of competitive strategies. It explores how companies strategically plan, create, deliver, maintain and sustain competitive advantage.
MRT297	Predictive Analytics for Marketing	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course provides a comprehensive review of common predictive analytic techniques as they relate to marketing. Students explore techniques presented under three main categories of predictive analytics: time series, regression and machine learning. The examination of these techniques will support making marketing forecasts, performing diagnostics, building predictive models, and using machine-learning techniques to profitably impact the customer journey. The emphasis of this course is on application rather than theoretical foundations of the techniques.
MRT493	Social Media Intelligence and Web Analytics	TBD	TBD	TBD
	This course examines social media analytics as the derivation of consumer insights from social commentary. Students apply a variety of techniques and strategies for monitoring user behaviour on social media applications, with an emphasis on applying the analytical concepts and tools of marketing to decisions about segmentation and targeting, branding, pricing, distribution, and promotion. Students experience hands-on application of how to manage multi-ad online campaigns for pay-per-click programs to support social media campaigns.
SEA100	Exploration of Artificial Intelligence	TBD	TBD	TBD
	Students develop the skills to differentiate between artificial intelligence (AI) and non- AI implementations, and to decide whether an AI-based approach is feasible, or beneficial. Students learn to identify the focus of the various branches of AI such as robotics, natural language processing, computer vision, expert systems, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning. The advantages and disadvantages of AI-based approaches are discussed from the perspective of the developer, the consumer, society and the environment, resulting in an understanding of the emerging ethical issues.